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Aldous Huxley's Brave New World
Brave New World, Aldous Huxley's Utopian novel makes many societal statements about the what may lie ahead if history continues on its current path. Huxley's novel is science fiction, but it is psychologically and historically rooted and raises many sociological concerns. The novel is essentially an alternate reality, which takes the reader into a radically altered society. Although this new society is quite different than any societies today, the human interactions from which it derives are nevertheless similar. Through science fiction, Brave New World in particular,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], political and technological issues of the day (and future days) can be explored through a sociological lens.
Brave New World proposes a host of fundamental questions about the power of scientific and technological discoveries and inventions to drastically alter society and the ways in which people interact with one another. These psychologically believable changes in Aldous Huxley's fictitious and dystopic novel directly affect the economic and social class structure, the educational process,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], socialization , people's relationship between media and society, and the overall balance of power.
A myriad of factors merge together to create Huxley's new world, most of which center on people's well being. After all, it has been logically argued that all actions are essentially the result of emotions. Simply stated, people will typically act according to what facilitates their well being. At the same time, people and societies as a whole may mistakenly choose means that only temporarily and superficially create well being and happiness. Huxley's society is hedonistic,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], "gaining pleasure from promiscuous sex and drug use, especially the use of soma, a powerful stimulant taken to escape pain and bad memories through hallucinatory fantasies" (Brave New World, 2007, p. 1).
In Brave New World, two of society's greatest evil - warfare and poverty - are virtually nonexistent. While people are all happy, there is an underlying irony and conflict because this happiness was achieved by eliminating several of the things from which people currently derive happiness-"family, cultural diversity, art, literature, science,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], religion, and philosophy". (Brave New World, 2007, p.1). ."But that's the price we have to pay for stability. You've got to choose between happiness and what people used to call high art." World Controller Mustapha Mond, Chapter 16, pg. 220. While people do certainly do obtain pleasure from the aforementioned items, they are also a primary source of controversy. In addition, there is even a tendency among people to desire conflict as it breaks up the monotony.
The characters are motivated by the following motto: "Community, Identity,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Stability". The novel is a testament of the length to which people will go in order to maintain stability; community and identity are instrumental to stability and the continuation of the status quo. Technological means are utilized to correct a deeper and more fundamental problem in society, the long standing conflicts that arise when people from different groups (however one may define the word group) try to make an effort to work with one another and coexist. Cultural, political, and ideologial differences, while a constant source of conflict, have nevertheless traditionally been viewed as beneficial as they make the world a more interesting place. 2540). However,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], because the characters' actions are motivated by their survival, there is a timelessness and universality that enables the story to function in various societies and geographic locations. To maintain stability, the government manufactures people on an assembly line, uses Pavlovian principles to predestine people to different classes of the caste system. Huxley envisioned a World State where stability is the primary need and driving force among the five social classes. Alphas and Betas ejoy the greatest amount of privileges and social status and only they derive from single eggs; single eggs are not budded so they do not have twins. The Centre, which is controlled by the government,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], conditions all the non-Alpha and Beta embryos their future status in society.
Before the child is even conceived (or manufactured, depending on one's interpretation) his or her social class is already determined. Of the non Alphas and Betas, the next highest to social classes are Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. The Alphas are the shapers of the world, the intellectually superior who orchestrate and perpetuate stability by conditioning people and predetermining their future role in society. To ensure an ideal number of people in each class, everyone is programmed by way of neo-Pavlovian conditioning and hypnopaedia (sleep learning). The classical conditioning is used to associate feelings of happiness and fullfilment with each person's corresponding social and economic functions (Mudd, 1998). The Epsilons are described as having little to no intelligence.
Society in Brave New World is likened to a corporation. That is, in any corporation there are a number of different departments, jobs and careers, each with a different levels of prestige. The corporation serves as a microcosm of society as a whole. Based on most business models, it is not reasonable or even possible for everyone to be a CEO or president (Alpha or Beta). Furthermore,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a corporation would also not function if it relied solely on unskilled labor (Epsilons). Furthermore,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a large percentage of unskilled labor has already been replaced by much more efficient and cost effective technologies. To further strengthen this connection between business and sociology, consider the fact that the characters that populate the novel liken Ford to a God. Business, survival, and money drastically influence how people interact with one another.
Brave New World, while utopic for the characters, is actually dystopic to the reader who fears forsaking their current way of life. The radical changes in society are directly correlated to unchallenged state control. Brave New World serves as a warning of the "dangers of giving the state control over new and powerful technologies" (Brave New World: Online Literature, 2007, p. 1). This danger personified by the strict governmental control of reproduction via technological and medical intervention and included the surgical removal of ovaries known as the Bokanovsky Process. Hypnopaedic conditioning is another instance of the dangers of too much state control. Soma is perhaps the most striking example of the medical, biological, and psychological technologies criticized in Brave New World. Although people feel happy as long as they take this drug, they would otherwise be depressed. Developments in reproductive technology, biological engineering, and sleep-learning are some of the changes that merge to act on and change society so that it will be virtually impossible for the citizens to change its structure. Furthermore, this structure is organized in such a way that people will become motivated to ensure the existence of the state.
Aldous Huxley's novel "Brave New World," takes place in a utopia and it warns about the potential perils of future society -- if history continues on its current path. Although Huxley's novel is science fiction,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it is psychologically and historically plausible and raises several sociological concerns. The novel is an alternate reality, which takes the reader into a radically altered society. Although this new society is very different from today's society, the human interactions are similar.
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